The rule of the Yuan Empire in the Central Plains region lasted only for over a hundred years. This powerful dynasty flourished and its downfall was sudden, like a gust of wind swept by Mongolian iron cavalry, coming and going, which is touching. As the last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty, Tuo Huan Timur, reigned for 35 years and was the longest reigning emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. He was one year older than the founding emperor Kublai Khan. During his long career in power, Tuo Huan Timur went through a process of ups and downs from growth, recovery, to depression, and even to decline. He was also passionate about revitalizing the imperial power. In order to salvage the decline of the dynasty and the decline of national power, he made efforts to fight for it. However, the rapid decline of the Yuan Empire indicates that its ruling system has serious internal drawbacks. The political system of the Yuan Dynasty has long been in decline. By the time of Emperor Shun of Yuan, the chronic illness of the state had become increasingly severe, and this was not a problem that the emperor could solve alone. Against the backdrop of unprecedented intensification of various social contradictions, the operation of the state machinery had gradually failed and was on the verge of collapse, And Emperor Yuan Shun watched helplessly as the buildings of the Yuan Empire collapsed. After the death of Kublai Khan, there was a constant struggle within the Yuan court for the highest power, with frequent changes in the throne. During the 35 year period, seven emperors were replaced, and the struggle for power intensified. The emperor who appeared this time was Emperor Mingzong of Yuan, which was another journey of death. After a long period of exile, Emperor Mingzong finally had to return to Dadu. However, he was poisoned and killed along the way, and his wife was also brutally murdered. Their only ten year old son, Tuo Huan Timur, survived. Tuo Huan Timur was the last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Shun of Yuan. Tokugawa Timur was born during his father’s turbulent exile. His childhood was full of ups and downs, but the nightmare did not end. Emperor Mingzong’s younger brother Wenzong ascended to the throne again, and he quickly issued an edict announcing that Tokugawa Timur was not Mingzong’s biological son. As a result, the ten year old Tokugawa Timur was once again exiled. It was obvious that the mastermind behind this conspiracy was Wenzong himself. Liu Xiao, Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: At that time, Emperor Wenzong issued an edict to announce to both China and foreign countries, and then said that his brother Mingzong had once said that Tu Xiang Timu Er was not his biological son, and used this as an excuse to exile Tu Xiang Timu Er. Professor Ye Xinmin from Inner Mongolia University: In fact, it is Tu Timu Er. Emperor Wenzong intentionally created such a lie, which involves the issue of succession to the throne. According to this agreement, Tu Timu Er’s inheritance is illegal. He fabricated such a lie to prove his legitimacy. Duxiu Peak Gongyuan Confucius Temple is located in Guilin City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It was the resting place of Emperor Shun of Yuan when he was exiled. Duxiu Peak has always been a place with a strong cultural atmosphere in Guilin. Today, there are still cultural relics such as tribute halls and Confucian temples, among which the most unique is a statue of Confucius. This statue was carved in the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty’s Zhizheng era and was created by the Guilin painter Ding Fangzhong of the Yuan Dynasty. Its knife technique is round and the lines are simple, making it the only statue among the many portraits of Confucius with Mongolian characteristics. The statue of Confucius is most suitable to be carved here, because it is here that I have come into contact with Confucianism. When Tokugawa Tokugawa was exiled to Guangxi, he lived in a temple in Dayuan Temple. Here, he also received careful education from an elder of Qiujiang. The high monk taught Tokugawa not only Buddhism, but also Confucian culture. Perhaps it was at this time that this young man developed a strong interest in architecture and painting. According to records, Tokugawa Tsumura often self painted house samples and made architectural models throughout his life. Due to his outstanding talent in carpentry and architecture, he was also known as the Prince of Luban by later generations. Unfortunately, these design drawings, like the Dayuan Temple where he lived, disappeared into the dust of history. The difficult years of his childhood made Tokugawa Mu’er realize the dangers of the world at an early age. The beautiful scenery of the south made him temporarily forget about that bumpy experience. During this period, the political situation of the court seemed to have nothing to do with him. However, at this time, in most parts of the empire, the imperial family and powerful officials who persecuted his father were plotting his future, and this young man was about to be pushed onto the political stage. In August 1332, Emperor Wenzong, the uncle of Emperor Tokugawa Tokugawa, passed away, sparking a new round of political struggles in the court. During the competition, the Empress and the powerful minister Yan Tiemuer weighed all political and family interests and decided to appoint Emperor Yilin Zhiban, the legitimate son of Emperor Tokugawa Tokugawa, as Emperor Ningzong. However, after only 53 days, Emperor Ningzong passed away, and fate once again chose Tokugawa Tokugawa Tokugawa. Liu Xiao, Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: During his youth in Jingjiang, Guangxi (now Guilin), he spent a peaceful period and had ample time to study Chinese culture. Therefore, Emperor Shun was one of the few emperors in the history of the Yuan Dynasty. In fact, only Emperor Wenzong could write Chinese poetry and speak Chinese with him. After he came to power, these would undoubtedly have a significant impact on his policy. At the end of 1332, after being exiled for more than three years, Tokugawa Timur was finally able to return to the capital. At the welcoming ceremony in the nearby good countryside, he met the powerful minister Yan Tiemur. Yan Tiemur and Tokugawa Timur walked slowly together, using a whip to point and tell the young man about Tokugawa Timur’s court affairs, which was very arrogant. Tuoyue Tiemu Er just listened silently without saying a word, which made Yan Tiemu Er feel suspicious and suspicious that the young man in front of her had ulterior motives. However, in reality, Tuoyue Tiemu Er, who was only thirteen years old, could not answer a word because of his youth and fear. Tuanyang Tiemu finally returned to Dadu, to this unfamiliar city. However, the bumpy journey from exile to imperial power has not yet ended. Under the guidance of Yan Tiemuer, soon there was a saying from the Grand Historian that the ceremony of making a perfect match cannot be established as an emperor, which would lead to chaos in the world. As a result, the ceremony of making a perfect match was delayed. Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences – Liu Xiao: His family had a conflict with the Ming dynasty, and now this son’s attitude towards him is so ambiguous or indifferent. He feels scared. Therefore, although Tokugawa Tsumura was welcomed to Dadu, he has not allowed this prince to ascend the throne for a long time. Therefore, before Yan Tiemuer’s death, Tokugawa Tsumura could not have become an emperor. The breakthrough of the stalemate was quite dramatic, and Yan Tiemuer’s life was extremely debauched. The arrival of Tuo Ting Mu Er made him restless and even more addicted to alcohol and sex. In May 1333, Yan Tiemuer died of drowning due to physical exhaustion. His death cleared the biggest obstacle to the accession of Tokugawa Tsumura, and Tokugawa Tsumura officially ascended to the throne in Shangdu, becoming known as Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty by his descendants. However, the young emperor was still shrouded in the shadow of the powerful officials of the previous dynasty, followed by the equally arrogant and domineering powerful official Boyan. Due to his unfortunate experiences from a young age, Tu Huan Tiemu cherished the difficult court life. He learned a lesson from several short-lived emperors and lived in the palace, where state affairs were handled by powerful officials. However, he seemed to be immersed in the mountains and waters of Guilin and still missed the peaceful and stable life in the south. But this is precisely a superior strategy. At this time, although Yan Tiemu’er has died, her family power is still very strong. Yan Tiemu’er’s daughter became the empress of Tokugawa Mu’er, and national affairs are still jointly managed by Yan Tiemu’er’s brother and son. Boyan’s power is also becoming increasingly strong, and the two powerful families are engaged in fierce battles in the palace, which eventually evolved into a bloody coup. In the end, Boyan completely eliminated Yan Tiemu’er’s power, which is probably the most comfortable day for Tokugawa Mu’er since ascending the throne. Liu Xiao, Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: During the first eight years of Tokugawa Timura’s succession to the throne, it was actually a continuation of the powerful political system of the Wuchen regime during the reign of Emperor Wenzong. This eight year period can be further divided into two stages. The first stage was during the Yuan Dynasty, when the Yan Tiemuer and Boyan families jointly ruled. The second stage was during the Later Yuan Dynasty, mainly during the period when Boyan was in power. During these eight years, Tokugawa Timura basically stayed in the palace and did nothing. In November 1335, Tokugawa Tokugawa ordered the year to be changed to the first year of the Yuan Dynasty, paying tribute to the great ancestor Kublai Khan. Kublai Khan’s reign lasted for 31 years, which was the strongest period of the Yuan Dynasty. He set the example of Emperor Taizong of Tang and Emperor Shizu of Yuan, with great ambition to become a wise ruler. However, his ambition soon suffered setbacks, and it was Boyan who helped him eliminate the Yan Tiemuer family that hindered his ambition. Compared with Yan Tiemu’er, Boyan’s power can be said to be unparalleled. After eliminating the influence of the Yan Tiemu’er family, Boyan began to serve as the Right Prime Minister of the Central Secretariat and was also promoted to the position of Grand Prime Minister. In addition to holding important positions as the Central Secretariat, Boyan also held various other positions, with a cumulative ranking of 246 words. This was unparalleled in the Yuan Dynasty. Gradually, Toxin Timu’er became suspicious of Boyan. In addition, Boyan also reiterated the law that Han and Southern people were not allowed to hold weapons and horses, citing multiple incidents of rebellion by Han and Southern people. At that time, the ban was so strict that even agricultural tools such as iron forks used by farmers were considered weapons and not allowed to be used. Boyan’s hatred towards Han people reached a pathological level, and he even proposed a ridiculous plan to request the extermination of all five Han people surnamed Zhang, Wang, Liu, Li, and Zhao. The reason was that killing these five surnames was the most common, and killing them could eliminate the disaster. Professor Zhang Fan from Peking University: This record is, and it is clearly stated in the official history of the 24 histories of the Yuan Dynasty. I don’t think it is true because after his downfall, many people fabricated a lot of that thing for him. I think it is a folk fabrication. Liu Xiao, Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: Boyan can be said to be the most influential prime minister in the history of the Yuan Dynasty. Many of his measures during his reign can be said to have intensified the ethnic conflicts at that time. Since the Sui and Tang dynasties, the imperial examination system has become the main form of selecting officials in Chinese dynasties. During the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial examination system was once abolished, and during the reign of Emperor Renzong of the Later Yuan Dynasty, an edict was issued to restore the imperial examination system. The imperial examination has also become an important means to win over scholars, especially Han intellectuals. Not long after Boyan came to power, he adopted the suggestion of Che Timur, a political official in Pingzhang, in 1335 to abolish the imperial examinations. Boyan’s actions were obviously aimed at suppressing Han and Southern people. In April 1337, Boyan ordered that Han and Southern people were not allowed to learn Mongolian script, further eliminating Han and Southern people from official positions in the system. Boyan is so authoritarian and domineering, and the fear and resentment towards him by Tuo Xi Te Mu Er are becoming deeper and deeper. As he grows older, he increasingly feels powerless and helpless. He urgently needs to break free from the situation of completely obeying power officials and achieve his ambitions. Tuo Xi Te Mu Er is gradually outlining his political blueprint. At this time, there was internal division within the Boyan Group, providing an excellent opportunity for Tokugawa to personally control the court’s affairs. He identified the next person he could rely on, which was Boyan’s nephew, Tuotuo, who was then the Imperial Censor. During the long period of his rule, he basically adhered to this principle of governance, not forcefully promoting his own views, but finding balance among various political forces. Liu Xiao, Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: Tuo Tuo was influenced by Confucianism from a young age. He had a teacher named Wu Zhifang who often advised him to uphold the Spring and Autumn righteousness, which is to destroy his family. In fact, Tuo Tuo himself also felt that his uncle’s power would one day affect the interests of the entire family. Therefore, when he was ordered by Boyan to stay guard in the palace, that is, to fear Xue, and monitor Emperor Shun, he began to tentatively communicate with Tuo Tuo and Tuo Mu’er Shun. At this time, most of the people around Tuo Huan Tiemu Er were supporters of Boyan, with only two of them being his own confidants. Tuo Tuo intended to settle with these two people and reveal his willingness to annihilate his family with righteousness. Tuo Huan Tiemu Er was both surprised and pleased, but he acted cautiously and sent his confidants to have multiple deep discussions with Tuo Tuo before finally confirming that this was the person he was looking for. From then on, he often approached Tuo Tuo for secret discussions, and a secret plan against Boyan gradually took shape. In February 1340, while Boyan led his team to hunt in Liulin, under the guidance of Tuotuo and others, a coup was launched, and an edict accusing Boyan of his crimes was written overnight, which was carried to Liulin by a minister appointed by the emperor. The guards led by Boyan dispersed in unison. Boyan was exiled to Guangdong and died midway through. Emperor Wenzong’s empress and son, Yan Tiegusi, were also demoted and died one after another. From then on, Tuanyang Tiemuer completely emerged from the shadow of Emperor Wenzong’s rule and officially began to govern. At this time, he was young and strong, feeling that he was a true emperor with a strong intention of striving for governance. In January of the following year (1341 AD), he officially changed his reign name to Zhizheng and announced his intention to start anew with the world and end the previous dark era. He appointed Tuotuo as the Right Prime Minister of the Central Secretariat and began to rectify a series of corrupt policies, known as Zhizheng Genghua or Tuotuo Genghua in history. Liu Xiao: As for the reform measures, we know that they were implemented by Tuo Tuo as the Right Prime Minister of the Central Secretariat, starting from the first year of the Zhizheng era. For this reason, many scholars directly refer to this reform as Tuo Tuo Reform. However, it should be noted that this reform measure was first carried out under the support of Emperor Shun Tuo, and after Tuo resigned from his position, many subsequent reform measures were personally presided over by Emperor Shun. Therefore, it is more appropriate to call it Zhizheng Reform than to call it Tuo Tuo Reform. Beijing Confucian Temple, Beijing Guozijian, Beijing Confucian Temple is located at the eastern end of Guozijian Street in Dongcheng District, Beijing. It was first built in the sixth year of the Yuan Dynasty. After Emperor Kublai Khan established the capital in Beijing, he ordered the construction of Confucian temples, worshipped Confucius, and built Guozijian on the west side of the Confucian Temple, forming the regulation of left temple and right learning. The Confucian Temple and Guozijian are important places and the highest educational institution for the royal worship of Confucius in the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. Inside the Confucian Temple, there are also 198 Jinshi inscriptions for three generations, with over 50000 Jinshi inscriptions throughout history. Among them, there are three Jinshi inscriptions from the Yuan Dynasty. Stele. Wang Linlin from the Beijing Confucian Temple and Guozijian Museum of the Yuan Dynasty’s Jinshi Title Stele: When it comes to the Jinshi Title Stele of the Yuan Dynasty, we have to mention the imperial examination system of the Yuan Dynasty, because the Jinshi nomination stele is a subsidiary product of the imperial examination system. The Yuan Dynasty originally had fewer imperial examinations and fewer candidates, so the total number of Jinshi Title Steles was not many. So, these three Jinshi Title Steles can also show the attitude of the minority rulers of the Yuan Dynasty towards this imperial examination system. Under the leadership of Tuo Tuo, the Yuan Dynasty restored the system of selecting officials through the imperial examination, cleared unjust cases, and imposed a ban on horses, reduced salt quotas, and reduced burdens. This played a certain role in easing the ethnic conflicts that intensified during the dictatorship of Boyan. During this period, the Imperial Academy of the Yuan Dynasty recruited over 3000 Mongolian, Semu, and Han people. In addition, Tuo Tuo personally took charge of the banquet and selected Confucian officials to deliver speeches in a harmonious manner. Tu Xi Mu Er often studies diligently in the Xuanwen Pavilion, paying attention to the teachings of sages and scholars, and discussing the rise and fall of historical governance with Confucian officials. He is delighted and has a desire to admire. At the suggestion of Tuotuo, the Yuan Dynasty also began the editing work of the code “Da Yuan Tong Zhi”, which was promulgated nationwide in 1346. This revised and supplemented code was named “Zhi Zheng Tiao Ge” after the appropriate era title at that time. In addition, during this period, Tuo Tuo began to oversee the compilation of the three histories of Liao, Song, and Jin, solving a major problem that had arisen for decades prior to the Yuan Dynasty. Professor Zhang Fan from the Department of History at Peking University: Because since ancient times, the Chinese concept has been that a country can be destroyed and history cannot be destroyed, that is, a regime can be overthrown or collapsed, but its history must be recorded by someone. If you overthrow the previous regime, you need to study history for it. Liu Xiao: When compiling history, it is necessary to establish an orthodox dynasty. Other dynasties are attached to this foreign tradition, or other histories such as Liao, Song, and Jin have not been revised, either for other reasons or because orthodoxy cannot be established. Because it was difficult to determine which dynasty of these three dynasties was considered orthodox, whether it was the “History of Song”, “History of Jin”, or “History of Liao”, it was delayed until the end of the Yuan Dynasty under Emperor Shun of Yuan. At this time, Tuotuo came out and was determined. In one sentence, Tuotuo stated that each of the three dynasties was orthodox and compiled three histories, resulting in the emergence of “History of Song”, “History of Liao”, and “History of Jin”. Therefore, this is also a great initiative. With the strong support of Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty, Tuotuo vigorously implemented reforms, and for a while, the Yuan Dynasty seemed to have hope for revival. During the period of reform, Tuotuo Xiemu did indeed live a worry free life for several years. During this period, Tuotuo Xiemu had been living in the inner palace and did not care about political affairs. Apart from political affairs, Tuotuo Xiemu also had other talents. It is said that he understood astronomy and disasters, and even creatively created the palace leak. The palace leak is an ancient timing device. According to the “History of the Yuan Dynasty”, the palace leak designed by Dou Tiemu added various automatic timing devices, which were exquisite and unparalleled. Unfortunately, the actual object has not been preserved. However, just like the palace leak he invented, the Yuan Dynasty, a powerful empire that once shook the West, had already entered the countdown. In the fourth year of the Zhizheng reign, due to illness and poor health, Tuotuo believed in the words of the sorcerer and believed that his time was not good. He resigned from his position and submitted 17 memorial essays before reluctantly agreeing. At this time, the Mongolian Semu nobility relied on the emperor’s rewards and annexed them recklessly with their privileges. Many people lost their land and lived in great hardship. In addition, frequent natural disasters and uprisings occurred at that time. Later, more than 3000 thieves appeared in Hebei alone, and even the vicinity of Dadu was not spared. The rule of the Yuan Dynasty gradually fell into crisis. Although Zhizheng Genghua brought about some revival, these reform measures were more reflected in embellishing the political system and adjusting the relationship between the Mongol and Han dynasties, but rarely touched on the serious social contradictions at that time. Of course, they could not fundamentally save the declining trend of the Yuan Dynasty’s rule that was difficult to reverse. Faced with this headache inducing situation, Tuanyang Tiemu naturally thought of Tuotuo, who had helped him solve many problems. In the ninth year of the Zhizheng era, which was 1349, with the support of Tokugawa Tsumura, Tuotuo, who had been idle for more than five years, made a comeback and once again began to reform the corrupt governance of the court. This is a collection of Zhongtong Yuanbao banknotes collected in the China Numismatic Museum, from the Zhongtong Yuanbao Banknote Museum to the Yuantong Tongbao Banknote Museum. It was issued in the first year of the Zhongtong era. Since the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, paper banknotes have been implemented. In the later period of the reign of Emperor Kublai Khan of the Yuan Dynasty, the circulation of paper banknotes began to increase sharply, and since then, a large number of banknotes have been printed in various dynasties. Coupled with the prevalence of counterfeit banknotes, the banknote law has become increasingly corrupt. The Yuan government announced a heavy reward for reporting counterfeiters, and this banknote was printed with the forger executed and the first petitioner rewarded with five silver ingots. In addition to this, in addition to the reward for silver, the entire family property of the offender will be confiscated. Reward the whistleblower. In 1350, under the leadership of Tuo Tuo, the Inner Mongolia Museum of Copper Coins of the Yuan Dynasty began to change the banknote system, printing new banknotes into orthogonal banknotes. Tuo Tuo also ordered the issuance of new copper coins, known as Zhizheng Tongbao coins. Liu Xiao: The Zhizheng banknote did not actually create a new template. He just printed the old Zhongtong banknote, stamped it, and then turned it into Zhizheng banknote. However, its exchange rate is many times that of the previous exchange rate. In fact, the value of the intangible Zhongchao itself is depreciating, resulting in soaring prices and devaluation of the banknote. The people even abandoned this banknote and exchanged it for goods. Therefore, fundamentally speaking, changing banknotes is a failed reform. The lower class life became increasingly painful, and at this time, the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty and the Mongolian aristocrats lived extremely luxurious and decadent lives. In order to ensure the enjoyment of life for the aristocratic class, the Emperor often rewarded them with an astonishing amount of wealth and allowed them to annex land and monopolize industry and commerce. Most of them held an important position in the commerce of the Yuan Dynasty. The commercial tax in this city exceeded one tenth of the national total. However, most of the commerce here was controlled by powerful families, including kings, princesses, consorts, meritorious officials, high-ranking officials, loan sharks, and large temples. At this time, Tokugawa Tsumura was still indulging in the pleasures of palace life. He ordered the construction of dragon boats in the inner garden of the palace and personally designed the blueprint. According to records, the dragon boat was designed with tiled roofs, warm pavilions, and palaces. The dragon body and palaces were all adorned with colorful gold, creating a wonderful and luxurious atmosphere. However, Tokugawa no longer realized that the entire empire was in crisis, and the ship of the empire would also capsize. Mazhuang Village is located on the banks of the Yellow River in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province. After a summer rain, people began to enter the busiest season of the year. With more rainfall this year, the harvest in the fields was particularly good. Old Hu called his two sons who were studying in the city back to help. However, they did not know that hundreds of years ago, the land under their feet was still a vast ocean. The Yellow River, the mother river of the Chinese nation, lies like a giant dragon on the land of the Central Plains, flowing endlessly. It has nurtured Chinese civilization, but it will also bring heavy disasters to its descendants. The Yellow River has changed its course multiple times in Chinese history. During the Zhizheng period, the Yellow River had multiple breaches and floods, not only causing displacement of the people, a surge in refugees, and intensified social unrest, but also posing a serious threat to the economic lifeline of the Yuan Dynasty due to the flooding of canals and salt fields. After Tuotuo’s comeback, he adopted Jialu’s suggestion to restore the ancient Yellow River. In April 1351, he recruited a large number of migrant workers and soldiers to start governing the Yellow River. By November, the project was completed, and the Yellow River finally returned to its old way. The process of governing the river itself was not a bad thing, but it completely exposed the various drawbacks of the Yuan Dynasty’s rule. Many farmers were forced to become river laborers and had to bear the heavy supply of materials. The supervising officials also exerted great influence on them, even withholding their rations. In 1351, a small-scale uprising eventually evolved into the Red Turban Army Uprising that swept across the country, completely burying the rule of this dynasty for over a hundred years. In May of that year, Han Shantong, the leader of the secret organization White Lotus Sect, and Liu Futong rebelled in Yingzhou. They had previously buried a stone man with only one eye chiseled on the bed of the Yellow River. The stone man’s back was engraved with the words “Mo Dao stone man with one eye, this object will produce the word” anti world “. Then, the stone man with one eye was scattered everywhere, stirring up prophecies of anti world on the Yellow River. The people who dug up the stone man dug up this stone man, and the news quickly spread throughout the north and south of the river. The river construction was chaotic. Moving forward, they used the red scarf as a pretext to launch an uprising. Volunteers from all over the country rose up in unison and quickly developed into a raging fire, plunging the Yuan court into a huge crisis of governance. Having just enjoyed the pleasure of life for a few years, Tokugawa Tokugawa clearly did not want his fate to fall into turmoil again. He and Tuotuo frequently mobilized their armies to suppress the Red Turban Army in various places. In addition, a group of powerful local warlords emerged in various places, and gradually, the Yuan army stabilized its position. In the twelfth year of the Zhizheng reign, Tuo Tuo personally led a large army to conquer Xuzhou and eliminate Sesame Li. In the fourteenth year of the Zhizheng reign, Tuo Tuo launched another military offensive to conquer Zhang Shicheng, who occupied Gaoyou. The main force of the Yuan army poured out, and even the armies of the Western Regions and Western Regions arrived. The army claimed to be one million, with flags flying thousands of miles and golden drums shaking the fields. The situation was unprecedented, and Zhang Shicheng suffered consecutive defeats and was already planning to surrender. At this moment, he suddenly received astonishing news. A fire broke out in the backyard of the Yuan court, and Tuotuo was obedient to the slander of the Hama and Xuexue brothers. He was stripped of all his positions on the charge of wasting money through labor. Later, he was demoted again and again, and Tuotuo was stripped of his position on the battlefield. A million strong army was temporarily scattered, causing the Yuan court to lose its original military advantage. The Red Turban Army took advantage of the situation to develop again, and many of the scattered Yuan Army turned to anti Yuan forces such as the Red Turban Army or Zhang Shicheng. Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences – Liu Xiao: One important reason for his dismissal from office, in my personal opinion, was that he had mishandled the handling of political disputes in the court. The two people who framed him, namely the Hama and Xuexue brothers, were originally very good allies, but it was because of his deviation in handling their relationship that they became jealous and ultimately led to the political collapse of Tuotuo. The Tuo Tuo Tomb is located in Xinhe County, Xingtai City, Hebei Province. The people here are all descendants of Tuo Tuo. Tuo Tuo was dismissed from his post and exiled to Yunnan. This famous minister, who made great contributions to the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, was ultimately executed by a false imperial decree passed down by Hama. The death of Tuotuo caused great internal friction for the Yuan court, undoubtedly accelerating the downfall of the Yuan Dynasty. As later Yuan Chen said, “The decline of our country’s military and military power began from then on, the consumption of money and food began from then on, the rampant bandits began from then on, the lives of the people began from then on, and we were able to escape death and ensure that the world was free from today’s chaos.”. Liu Xiao from the Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: During the more than 30 years of Emperor Shun’s rule, Tuo Tuo was one of the few talented politicians among the prime ministers he served. Therefore, at that time, he was praised as a wise prime minister, but in fact, after Tuo Tuo’s resignation, there was no prime minister who could replace Tuo Tuo’s position. The Chahan Timur Tomb is located in Luoyang, Henan Province. The tomb is located deep within the community, and there is only one earthen tomb left. Even nearby residents rarely know about the history of the tomb. However, in the late Yuan Dynasty, Cha Han Timur and his nephew’s adopted son, Kua Kuo Timur, were prominent figures in the local armed forces. After the Great Rebellion at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, warlords developed by local armed forces gradually became the protagonists on various battlefields. Although Tuanyang Tiemu’er had not been completely ignored for a while, his orders had largely lost their effectiveness. At this time, the ruling power of the Yuan court was gradually weakening, and they had to rely on some local powerful warlords who had grown stronger during the suppression of the Red Turban Army. At the same time, the conflict between Tuohuan Tiemu’er, Empress Qi, and the Crown Prince became public, causing the Yuan court and local forces to split into two factions. One faction supported the emperor and the other supported the Crown Prince. The two sides engaged in fierce political disputes and colluded with local warlords to provide foreign aid, engaging in fierce fights. Professor Ye Xinmin from Inner Mongolia University: During the later period of Emperor Shun of Yuan Dynasty, especially after the reign of Hama, the court struggle was quite fierce. There were several times when he said that the Crown Prince and Empress Qi would unite to make Tuohuan Tiemu’er abdicate. However, Tuohuan Tiemu’er relied on other warlord forces to stop this matter. In addition to the intense internal contradictions within the ruling class, there was also a fierce battle between warlords. These two major factions of warlord warfare, of course, also some small warlords, caused significant damage to the body of the Yuan Dynasty. Under the influence of this political climate of constant internal strife, Tokugawa Tokugawa gradually lost his sharpness in the early days of pro politics. Faced with increasingly severe internal and external difficulties in the political situation, he felt increasingly powerless and his mentality underwent a significant change. He became increasingly passive and immersed in luxurious palace life. At this time, Tuanyang Tiemu’er, who lived deeply in the inner palace, was not interested in politics or architectural design. Encouraged by his flatterers, he became increasingly fascinated by the practice of Tibetan Buddhism’s Tantric Buddhism and immersed himself in the joy brought by the Great Joy Double Practice and the Sixteen Heavenly Demon Dance all day long. Although the Mausoleum of Genghis Khan, the Sixteen Heavenly Demon Dance, narrowly escaped the fate of internal strife and failure in the palace, the Yuan Dynasty’s great mansion was leaning forward, and he could no longer sustain it. In the summer of 1368 AD, the Northern Expedition led by Xu Da and Chang Yuchun was unstoppable and arrived at the doorstep of the Yuan Dynasty’s home. At this time, the Yuan Dynasty’s expanded territory, Timur, Li Siqi, and other tribes were still engaged in internal strife. Upon hearing of the fall of Tongzhou and realizing that the situation had passed, Tu Huan Tiemu Er was anxious and uneasy. He summoned his courtiers overnight to discuss fleeing to Shangdu. He lingered in the palace for a while and said, “How can I be the emblem of the Song Dynasty and Emperor Qinzong again?” Faced with the disaster of downfall, the family, who were hostile to each other for power, temporarily united again. At night, Tuoyue Tiemu led Empress Qi and other empresses, princes, and ministers to open the Jiande Gate and escape to the capital, passing through Juyong Pass. On the second day of August, the Ming army captured Dadu, and the rule of the Yuan Dynasty throughout the country officially came to an end. The Mongolian royal family retreated to the Mongolian Plateau, still adhering to the Zhengshuo of the Yuan Dynasty. Due to its location in the northern frontier, it was known as the Northern Yuan. The Northern Yuan continued to resist the Ming army and even achieved significant victories, resulting in a brief revival of the Xuanguang era. However, this was just a resurgence. Afterwards, the Northern Yuan Dynasty gradually declined and eventually split into two parts, the Tatars and the Varas, continuing their story of enmity and enmity with the Central Plains dynasty. Liu Xiao from the Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: When it comes to how the Yuan Dynasty was destroyed, people at that time often mention the act of changing currency and opening rivers. However, this is only the trigger. The fundamental reason for the downfall of the Yuan Dynasty’s rule is still closely related to its increasingly intensified domestic ethnic conflicts and class contradictions, which is a deeply rooted and difficult to solve problem in the Yuan Dynasty. Yingchang Road, formerly known as the Site, Chifeng City, Mongolian Autonomous Region. This is the site of Yingchang Road, formerly known as the Site, located more than 500 kilometers away from the Yuan Dynasty. It has left behind the last image of Tu Ximu Er. In 1369, the second year after the downfall of the Yuan Dynasty, Tuo Rong Tiemu Er retreated to Yingchang Prefecture and returned to the northern grasslands. In the third year of Hongwu, which was April 1370, Tuo Rong Tiemu Er died of dysentery in Yingchang at the age of 51. A king who originally intended to make a difference eventually became a fallen ruler, destined to become a tragic figure. History does not record in detail the feelings of this fallen ruler when facing the collapse of the empire, and we cannot guess how Tokugawa Takami viewed his life. However, the rise and fall of this nomadic empire is touching. In the past, Genghis Khan led the Mongol army to rise from the grasslands with his whip, shocking the world with his imposing posture. Afterwards, Kublai Khan marched from this grassland to the Central Plains with extraordinary grandeur, establishing a powerful Yuan Empire. Now, this once prosperous nomadic empire has returned to this grassland. This desolate long grass, like the fallen ruler hiding inside, exudes a sense of decline and melancholy. In just over a hundred years, its journey is touching and thought-provoking. History is written by the victors. After the death of Tu Xi ā n M ú r, the Yuan court officials gave him the temple name Huizong. However, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of Nanjing, believed that this fallen ruler had some self-awareness, knew to follow the fate and retreated, so he should be called the Shun Emperor. Tu Xi ā n M ú r was thus designated as the Yuan Shun Emperor in Chinese history. 90 Seconds of History: The Empty Seal Case broke out in the 15th year of the Hongwu reign, two years after the outbreak of the Hu Weiyong case. This time, Zhu Yuanzhang was even more ruthless. According to Ming Dynasty regulations, the Ministry of Revenue reviewed the local financial income and expenditure accounts submitted by various levels of political commissioners every year. This account must match the actual amount of money and grain disbursed and received by the Ministry of Revenue, and there could be no loss during the payment of money and grain. Therefore, the officials responsible for delivering the account books brought blank account books with official seals stamped in advance. If there were any errors, they could be modified at any time. This accounting method was a public secret that had been routine for many years, and this secret was eventually revealed by Zhu. Yuanzhang discovered that Zhu Yuanzhang asserted that there must be corruption among them, so he ordered the beheading of all the main seal officials of the government at all levels throughout the country, and his deputy fought a hundred battles to be conscripted. Someone counted the number, The number of officials involved in the air seal case was at least 1300, and Zhu Yuanzhang mercilessly dealt with all the officials involved.
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