In the 47th year of the Kangxi reign, which was 1708 AD, a team set off from Beijing and embarked on a distant journey. This was a royal surveying and mapping team, whose task was to complete the field survey of millions of square kilometers of Chinese land proposed by Emperor Kangxi and draw maps of the vast territory. During the management of the country and long-term wars, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty developed the habit of using maps. This large-scale project embodies his inner love for the vast and magnificent rivers and mountains. This is an ordinary day in the Forbidden City, where officials respectfully enter and exit the front hall, and palace maids gracefully travel to and from the back palace. In the world’s largest palace, the secretive palace life makes people outside the palace walls feel incredibly mysterious. For the Qing court, which had taken control of the Central Plains, this was only a superficial calm. In the distant western regions, the challenges and threats from ethnic minority areas in the north and northwest were undoubtedly a very severe test. Among these ethnic minorities, the most powerful are the three major tribes: the Karkha Mongols in the north of the desert, the Chahar Mongols in the south of the desert, and the Erut Mongols in the west of the desert. These are the remaining forces after the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, and they still possess strong cavalry and dream of rebuilding a unified khanate. The Compilation Committee of Qing History – Li Zhiting: The Ming Dynasty lasted for 276 years, and there were also wars between the Ming Dynasty and Mongolia for more than 200 years, with intermittently fighting. In the northern grasslands, the legendary Genghis Khan once created the glory of the Mongol Empire with a fierce momentum. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the descendants of Genghis Khan were forced to retreat to the desert. They were unable to part with the golden family complex and hoped to have the opportunity to regain their former glory. In 1636 AD, forty-nine nobles of the sixteen tribes of the Mongols from the southern desert gathered in Shenyang, Shengjing, and honored Huang Taiji as the Khan of the Mongols, and bestowed the title of Bogda Chechen Khan. Since then, Mongolia has played an important role in the process of competing for the Central Plains and unifying the whole country. After 1638 AD, Khalkha also began to pay tribute to the Qing Dynasty with nine white camels and eight white horses. Khalkha also nominally became a vassal of the Qing court. However, each Mongolian tribe had its own nomadic territory, and due to the competition for pastoral land, tribes, especially the entire Mongolian Khanate, friction and even raids often occurred within or between the various tribes. This is the painting of the Erut Mongols by the Qing Dynasty, depicting the peaceful and leisurely life of the Erut Mongols. The Erut Mongols are divided into the Heshuote, Durbert, Turhute, and Junggar tribes. The leader of the nomadic tribe of Junggar, north of Tianshan Mountain and in the Ili River basin, is called Gardan. When he was young, he went to Xizang to learn from the Dalai Lama and became his favorite disciple. Ma Dazheng, Border Center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: So during the Kangxi reign, it happened to be the leader of the Junggar tribe in the Erut Mongols, the famous Galdan. In fact, Galdan was an important leader of the Junggar tribe. As a Mongolian national leader, Galdan still had his own political aspirations. What was his political ambition? His political ambition was to restore the great cause of his ancestor Genghis Khan, which may be a dream for every Mongolian politician. The formidable enemy in front of Kangxi was the leader of the Erute Mongols, Galdan. Galdan was skilled in archery and horsemanship, skilled in strategy, and was a very ambitious person. He dreamed of becoming the hegemon of the Mongols. Therefore, when he gained control of the Junggar tribe, he quickly launched a series of annexation and plunder wars against the central part of the Erute and neighboring Mongolian tribes. The Compilation Committee of Qing History – Li Zhiting: He believed that defeating the Moxi Mongols was not enough to complete the cause of his ancestors. So what should he do? He marched towards the Monan Mongols and wanted to annex them. After annexing them, he would then annex the Mobei Mongols. Yuanjiao refers to the tribute that Galdan paid to the Qing court in order to facilitate his unification of the various tribes of Moxi Mongolia. At the beginning of his rule over the Central Plains, the Qing court focused mainly on destroying the peasant army led by Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong, as well as the Southern Ming regime. In the early years of Kangxi, the Qing government was busy suppressing the San Francisco rebellion led by Wu Sangui, and had no power to control the western frontier. Therefore, for a long time, it adopted a conciliatory and conciliatory policy towards Mongolian tribes and Xizang, and Kardan also took this opportunity to develop and grow. In 1680, which was the nineteenth year of the Kangxi reign, Galdan, who had already occupied the northern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains, dispatched 120000 cavalry to enter the Kashgar region of present-day Xinjiang and control southern Xinjiang. Next, Galdan began an eastward expansion plan, which would further control the Heshuote Mongols and Kalkha Mongols in Qinghai. This plan was actually a competition with the Qing court for control over these areas. Galdan’s expansion forced defeated Erute Mongol tribes to rush into Qinghai and Gansu from west to east, and the deeply affected Kalkha Mongols approached the Great Wall from north to south, threatening the capital. In addition, Kangxi Emperor was unable to do so at night. Unfortunately, in order to achieve his own goals, Galdan formed an alliance with Tsarist Russia, which caused great passivity for Emperor Kangxi, who was maintaining territorial integrity. Ma Dazheng from the Border Center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: Galdan is a character who does not want to seek refuge with Tsarist Russia. He wants to use the power of Tsarist Russia to achieve his political goals. Everyone knows about the Treaty of Nibuchu. At that time, the Qing Dynasty signed the Treaty of Nibuchu with Russia, which established the formal modern boundary line between China and Russia in the northeast direction. During the negotiation process of signing the Treaty of Nibuchu, Galdan also saw this and wanted to use this opportunity to attract Russian support. Russia also wanted to use Galdan’s political power as a bargaining chip to restrain Kangxi, hoping to use the Treaty of Nibuchu as a bargaining chip. During the signing process, better results could be achieved. During this process, Galdan, in a sense, wanted to use Tsarist Russia, Actually, it was utilized by Tsarist Russia. Emperor Kangxi lived in an era when Western powers rose to power. The two major enemies of the Qing Dynasty, Tsarist Russia and Bushido dominated Japan, emerged in the north and east. One had not yet fully developed its wings, but its ambition to expand its territory had already flourished. The other was still very backward but liked to act recklessly. In the tenth year of the Wanli reign of the Ming Dynasty, which was 1582, the Cossack cavalry led by Yermak crossed the Ural Mountains and entered the Siberian region. The following year, the Battle of Gulezhai occurred, and Nurhaci’s grandfather and father died in battle. Russia continued to invade the Qing court and invaded the vast and fertile areas of northwest and northeast China. After coveting the land for a long time, for the safety of the Northeast border, Kangxi made his first eastward tour and wrote a poem on the Songhua River: “At night, after the rain, the spring tide blooms, and the flowing flowers stack on the beautiful valley.”. In the 27th year of the Kangxi reign, which was 1688 AD, as the anti Russian struggle of the Kalkha Mongols reached its climax, Galdan, instigated and supported by the head of the Russian invading army, Goloven, led 30000 troops to invade the Kalkha region. The various tribes of Kalkha suffered a disastrous defeat and surrendered to the Qing court in the south. Galdan, under the pretext of chasing the Kalkha Mongols, invaded the Ujimqin area that had already been unified by the Qing court at that time. Two years later, Galdan invaded the humiliating Ulan area east of the Urhui River, which is now the Ulagai grassland area in central Inner Mongolia, and engaged in the first fierce battle with the Qing army. Border History and Geography Research Institute – Lv Wenli: In the left wing banner of Uzhumuqin, the first major conflict in the history of both sides occurred on the Urhui River. This battle ended in a disastrous defeat of the Qing army, and both sides invested more than 40000 troops, fighting fiercely for half a day. The Galdan, who defeated the Qing army for the first time, proposed to Emperor Kangxi that the Holy Emperor, in the south, I would take control of the north, clearly competing with the Qing court and dominating the Mongols. The powerful Galdan took advantage of the victory and drove south, crossing the Hulunbuir grasslands and reaching Ulanbultong, only 350 kilometers away from the capital. Facing the crisis in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the Ulan Butong Ancient Battlefield, Emperor Kangxi realized soberly that Galdan, a strong and ambitious person, would inevitably spy on the Central Plains and die endlessly. In order to maintain national unity and peaceful border areas, he quickly made an assessment policy of swift and decisive destruction. From the 11th year of the Ming Dynasty’s Wanli reign, which was the reign of Nurhaci Cavalry, to the 22nd year of the Kangxi reign, the time span spanned a whole hundred years. During this hundred years, the land of China was in a state of war and division. As a generation leader, Kangxi needed to regain the integrity of Jin Ou. In the 29th year of the Kangxi reign, which was the sixth day of the seventh month in 1690 AD, Kangxi held an expedition ceremony at the Taihe Hall in the Forbidden City. He personally escorted the soldiers to the east gate of the gate, and then personally led the army northward. Unfortunately, he returned to Beijing due to illness on the way. One of the Qing army’s routes, led by Prince Yu Fuquan, the brother of Emperor Kangxi, went out of Gubeikou, passed through the Saihanba on the Rehe River, and set up camps more than 40 miles away from the enemy. The main camp of the General had a total of 12 battalions, which were then known as the Twelve Company Camps. Today, the traces of the camp are still distinguishable. On the southern edge of Hunshandak in Keshiketeng Banner, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, Ulanbutong Peak stands here. More than 300 years ago, Emperor Kangxi fought a great war with 200000 troops against Geldan here, known as the Battle of Ulanbutong. Geldan tents were set up at the top of the peak, and in the jungle by the river in front of the peak, the camels were hoofed and laid on the ground, carrying boxes and stomped, known as the Camel City. Soldiers were hidden behind the Camel City. Border History and Geography Research Institute – Lv Wenli: The Qing army used their cannons for bombardment, causing effective damage to the army in Junggar. The Ulan Butong Ancient Battlefield is located in front of the Ulan Butong Peak, where there is a water surface called General Paozi. It is named after the death of the Qing Dynasty general Tong Guogang in battle here. Two hundred thousand iron cavalry arrived here. At that time, his uncle, Kangxi’s uncle Tong Guogang, was in command of this area. This battlefield is right behind me. This is General Paozi, and there is a mountain behind it. Ulan Butong refers to this area, and Ulan Butong points to this mountain. In Chinese, it means the Battle of Dahongshanzi. In Mongolian, it means the Battle of Ulan Butong, which happened here. The Tomb of Tong Guogang is now a famous tourist attraction in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In the depths of the Keshiketeng Grassland, General Anguo gave Tong Guogang his eternal rest here. Although the Qing army was unable to eliminate Galdan in Ulanbutong, the Kalkha Mongols, who were threatened by Galdan, officially surrendered to the Qing court. In 1691 AD, Emperor Kangxi came from Beijing to Duolun County, Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia. Here, he presided over a grand banquet, attended by many leaders of the Mongolian Kalkha tribe. In order to enhance the atmosphere of the alliance, Kangxi specially brought four elephants from Beijing. Duolun is Mongolian, and Duolun means seven things. The original text is Duolun Nur, the seven lakes. Kangxi set up many tents in the seven lakes, and invited all the princes of Mongolia. Many tents and yurts invited all the princes of Inner Mongolia, the princes of Xinjiang, the lamas of Xizang, and the princes of Outer Mongolia to hold a military parade and a league. Then at this ceremony, it was officially announced that Outer Mongolia belonged to the Qing Dynasty. After the announcement, let’s say that the tribe of Outer Mongolia was part of the Qing Dynasty. We will follow the system of Inner Mongolia. I will give you the official title. Then we will pay tribute every year. Nine white tribute, nine white horses and one white camel, is called Nine white tribute. Emperor Kangxi established 34 banners in various parts of the Kalkha region according to the Inner Mongolia system, implemented Zhasa restraint, conferred titles such as prince and county prince to each leader, and personally handed wine to the Kalkha Mongolian leader Zhebu Zundamba. Huizong Temple In Duolun County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, in order to respect the Mongolian belief in Tibetan Buddhism, after the alliance, Kangxi decided to build a lama temple in the alliance area, named Huizong, and personally wrote a plaque. This alliance led the Qing court to bring the northern desert area under direct jurisdiction. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences – Yan Chongnian: When it comes to Emperor Kangxi, although he called it Shoucheng, he also created it at the same time. Although he called it Shoucheng, he protected and consolidated the original ancestral cause, and also created territories. The first three dynasties, Taizu, Taizong, and Shunzhi, were not solved, especially after entering the country. Shunzhi even took 18 years to solve it. In the 22nd year of Kangxi’s reign, 1683, he solved this problem completely. For example, in Mongolia, especially Outer Mongolia and Karkha Mongolia, Kangxi completely solved this problem. So what did Kangxi say? When it comes to the construction of the Great Wall and the construction of earth and stone in the ancient Qin Dynasty, what did Kangxi say? Offering gratitude and assistance to Karka, making it more sturdy than the Great Wall, in order to be prepared for the new moon. Five years after the Duolun Nur Alliance, Emperor Kangxi once again launched an expedition against Galdan. On February 30, 1696, Emperor Kangxi led more than 30000 soldiers from the Eight Banners and Firearms Battalion in the capital to march towards the grasslands. Following Kangxi’s strategy, the Qing army lured Galdan to Zhaomodo, near present-day Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. This is the “Northern Expedition Supervision Map” reflecting the logistical support of the Qing army. Gardan was stationed on the mountain, and Kangxi requested Qing general Fei Yanggu to lead his troops to dismount and engage in infantry warfare, concentrating their firepower to fiercely attack the mountain. In the end, Galdan suffered a great defeat, and the Qing army pursued and killed more than thirty miles under the moonlight. His wife Anu was beheaded, and Galdan himself led twenty class cavalry to flee into the desert. This battle lasted for 98 days and was historically known as the Battle of Zhao Mo Duo. After this battle, the living power of the Gardan army was completely destroyed. In February 1697, Emperor Kangxi personally led his army for the third time, determined to completely eliminate the separatist forces of Galdan. In the cold wind of early spring, Kangxi led his army all the way to Tono Mountain on the north bank of the Krulun River in present-day Mongolia. On March 13, the 36th year of Kangxi’s reign, Galdan died in Achaamutai deep in the grassland. The Qing court pacified Galdan and took an important step in the process of unifying the northwest and northern border areas. Xizang, a remote and mysterious snowy plateau, was formerly called Xizang. It was renamed this name at the end of the Kangxi period. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was under the jurisdiction of the central government, and the Lama was granted the right to rule Tibet. In the 55th year of the Kangxi period, that is, in 1716 AD, a strong cavalry rushed to this snowy plateau. The leader of this force was called Ce Ran Alabhutan, who was the new leader of the Junggar tribe. Ce Ran Alabhutan took advantage of the conflict of forces in Xizang, tried to control the Tibetan region, and brazenly launched a military conquest of Tibet. Lv Wenli, a frontier research institute of history and geography: He sent an army to go through the Gobi and desert, and then across the big snow mountain in Hotan. This road is very, very hidden, so in Xizang, the Tibetan Khan did not find it. The headquarters of Cewang Alapotan massacred in Xizang, and more than 500 non Huangjiao temples were destroyed. At that time, the remote southwest border of the Qing Dynasty was in full swing. In May 1718, Emperor Kangxi sent Sereng, a bodyguard, into Tibet to fight against rebellion. Sereng’s bodyguards bravely and lightly marched forward. As a result, the whole army was ambushed, and Sereng was killed after being captured. Two years later, Emperor Kangxi sent Yin Zhen, the fourteenth son of Emperor Kangxi, to lead an army to Xizang. The Tibetans in Lhasa welcomed the army and played musical instruments. The Qing army cleared the Junggar army out of Xizang, and invited the fifth Huizhen Emperor Dalai Luosangatuo from Qinghai, and held a grand sitting in bed ceremony. Later, the Qing government set up Galun in Lhasa, Xizang, and sent 4000 troops to stay in Lhasa to maintain public order. Ma Dazheng, the frontier center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: At that time, when the Qing Dynasty was still Kangxi, I managed to get rid of this Gardan. I was still in a state of war and peace with the forces of the Reckless Alapotan. How could he tolerate the power of you to run away to Xizang and add chaos to me? So the Emperor Kangxi was not vague. He immediately sent troops to Tibet. After the Qing army drove the Jungar army out of Lhasa, in fact, it was for the Qing Dynasty to further control Xizang and establish the management system of the Qing Dynasty in Xizang. Head. The Qing government has long ruled Xizang. When Huang Taiji sent envoys to Xizang’s khans and grand lamas, Emperor Shunzhi’s handling of the Xizang issue was a successful continuation of his father’s strategy. As early as 1642, Gu Shihan, the leader of the Erut Mongols and the Heshuote Special Ministry, led the army into Tibet at the invitation of the Fifth Dalai Lama, and overthrew the Tibetan and Pakistani Khan regime of the Karma Kaju sect, which had ruled Tibet for more than 20 years. He became the highest authority in Xizang and Qinghai. In this country with an unprecedented geographical area, many ethnic groups live together and deal with the relations with the ethnic groups in the border areas. This has become a new challenge for Shunzhi Emperor to stabilize his regime after entering the Shanhaiguan Pass. While supporting Gu Shihan, Shunzhi Emperor also vigorously supports the Dalai Lama. In the ninth year of the Shunzhi reign of the 5th Dalai Lama, Lobsang Gyatso, the 5th Dalai Lama led a delegation of 3000 representatives from Panchen Lama and Gu Shihan to Beijing. After a long journey, they finally arrived in Beijing at the end of the year. After careful consideration, Emperor Shunzhi adopted a special way to welcome the 5th Dalai Lama’s delegation. On the day of their gathering, Emperor Shunzhi met the Dalai Lama at the Nanyuan Hunting Ground under the pretext of hunting in the fields. Nurhaci’s former residence in the Border Center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Fushun City, Liaoning Province – Ma Dazheng: The Qing Dynasty valued the Fifth Dalai Lama very much, which was related to a national policy of the Qing Dynasty at that time. We all know that the Qing Dynasty, as a Manchu ethnic group living in the northeast region, wanted to become the master of China. What did it rely on? One was the alliance between Manchuria and Mongolia. He regarded the power of Mongolia as a core component of his ruling group, and Manchuria and Mongolia were able to combine. There is an important link in this, which is Tibetan Buddhism. During his stay in the capital, the Dalai Lama stayed in the temple built for him by Emperor Shunzhi, that is, the Yellow Temple outside Anding Gate in today’s Beijing. Emperor Shunzhi’s policy of combining administration and religion in Xizang enabled Gu Shihan and the Dalai Lama to take charge of administrative and religious affairs respectively, making Xizang under the leadership of the Qing Dynasty. In 1653, Emperor Shunzhi dispatched a minister to bring a golden book to Tibet, officially conferring the title of Gu Shihan. Cheng Chongde: Whether the Dalai Lama of all dynasties is true, important, or of high status depends on the title. Whoever holds the golden seal in the golden book has passed it on to you. If the reincarnated spiritual child is you, then it is yours. In 1722 AD of the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi, 69 years old, died of illness. The emperor who fought in the south and north and spent his whole life in governing the country, opened the era of great governance for the Qing Dynasty, and basically laid the foundation of a unified country. In this year, Emperor Yongzheng, 45 years old, ascended the throne, and he reigned for 13 years. However, the newly appointed Emperor Yongzheng faced the challenge of splitting Xizang. In the process of the Qing army expelling Cewang Alabhutan, Prince Heshuote, Rob Zangdanjing, and the leaders of Qinghai Heshuote’s various ministries, joined the Qing army to Tibet, and produced many In order to recognize their contributions, the Qing government gave them rewards and made new personnel arrangements. But Rob Zangdanzin, who had long wanted to dominate Qinghai and Xizang, was dissatisfied with the arrangement of the Qing government. In the first year of Yongzheng’s reign, Lobzangdanzin launched an armed rebellion against the Qing Dynasty, and officially announced that it would restore the hegemony of its ancestors, that is, occupy Xizang, remote control Qinghai. Emperor Yongzheng, who had just ascended the throne, hoped that Lobzangdanzin could strike down and be harmonious, but Lobzangdanzin did not listen to the advice at all. The Qing court responded quickly and strongly. In February of the second year of Yongzheng’s reign, Emperor Yongzheng appointed Nian Gengyao as the Fuyuan Grand General. He marched from Xining to attack Lobzangdanzin at night. In the panic of sleeping Lobzangdanzin, he changed into women’s clothes and went to Junggar Khan. Fifteen days later, the Qing army brought 600000 square kilometers of land under its jurisdiction. After solving the problems in the Qinghai Tibet region, Emperor Yongzheng turned his attention to Junggar. In the fifth year of Emperor Yongzheng’s reign, Cewang Alabtan passed away, and his son Galdan Celing succeeded him. In the seventh year of Emperor Yongzheng’s reign, the Qing court decided to march northwest in two directions to solve the threat posed by the Junggar tribe. It was not until the winter of the eleventh year of Emperor Yongzheng’s reign that Galdan Celing, who was severely injured, sought peace from the Qing court. Emperor Yongzheng decided to negotiate peace, hoping that the nomadic boundaries between the Junggar and Karka tribes would be clearly defined, and that the existence of the Junggar Khanate would objectively maintain the integrity of the western territory of the Qing Dynasty. Cheng Chongde: The Junggar Mongols are very powerful, with economic development and social stability. Therefore, during the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, we drew a boundary line with them. One of Yongzheng’s tasks was to draw the boundary between them and the Qing Dynasty and the Junggar. His boundary was not between countries. The Zhungeer map of Kermukewen is located in the National Library of Sweden. There is a map by Gardanzeling, which has been circulated and shows the vast western territory of the Qing Dynasty over three hundred years ago. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences – Cheng Chongde: In 1617, the Swedish artillery went to war with the Russian soldiers. The Swedish artillery was captured and captured, and after being captured, it was in the Russian army. Then the Russian army went to war with the Junggar people, and was captured by the Junggar people. After being captured, it was placed under the command of Galdan Zeling and lived for seventeen years. After living for seventeen years, when he left, in 1643, when he returned to Sweden, Galdan Zeling gave him a map of the northwest region, which was drawn by himself on the map of Junggar. After he brought it back, he collected it in the National Library of Sweden. What is this map actually? It is a map of China’s territory in the northwest of Xinjiang unified by the Qing Dynasty. In 1735, Emperor Yongzheng died, and his son Hongli succeeded to the throne. In 1751, Emperor Qianlong began his first southern tour, which lasted more than 100 days. On this trip, Emperor Qianlong paid a visit to the Tomb of the Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, and climbed Mount Taishan. Emperor Qianlong looked around the world and said that the country was peaceful and the people were at ease. He issued an edict to encourage people to reclaim wasteland to increase grain production. Sixty years later, the land of the country increased by about 40 to 50 million mu, and the population increased by more than 100 million. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences – Cheng Chongde: In the end, it was the Qianlong period. At this time, China’s territory, 13 million square kilometers of land, had gradually consolidated and laid the foundation for China’s territory. During this period, China’s population increased from 100 million to 300 million, with an annual fiscal revenue of 60-70 million taels. At this time, you can see the emergence of a large number of calligraphers, painters, novels, and poetry. I think that in this era, China’s economy and population, compared to Europe during the 18th century, and compared to other countries, have already taken the lead in the world. However, there was also a crisis hidden in the peace of the Kangxi and Qianlong heyday, that is, the Xinjiang Xizang region in the far west was always divided, which was also a problem that the Qing Dynasty had been working hard to solve since it entered the Shanhaiguan Pass. Emperor Qianlong, who ascended the throne at the age of 25 and had been in power for 60 years, reviewed his life and considered that he had done two major things, one was the use of troops in Xinjiang, the other was six southern patrols. In 1745, during the tenth year of Emperor Qianlong’s reign, Galdan Celing, who had been enemies of the Qing court for a long time and had not been eradicated by Emperor Yongzheng, passed away due to illness. Dawazi became the leader of the Zungar tribe. In 1754, Amursana, the grandson of Cewan Alabtan, was defeated by Dawazi and surrendered to the Qing dynasty with his troops. In October, Emperor Qianlong rode a horse from Beijing, galloped for three days, braved the cold, and rushed to the summer resort to meet Amursana and his delegation. Professor Zhang Jie from Liaoning University: How about Emperor Qianlong? Let’s go hunting first, and the emperor only hit two or three arrows with five shots, while Amur Sana only hit two or three arrows with five shots. Seeing how this guy fought against the Qing Dynasty, the emperor was so powerful. In the summer of the same year, Emperor Qianlong of Chengde City, Hebei Province, talked to Amursana in Mongolian and decided to adopt his advice to change the tradition of autumn military use. However, in the spring, when the horse was not yet fat, he could not escape the opportunity and launched a large-scale military campaign. In the same year, Emperor Qianlong went on a tour from the Old Summer Palace, passed through the Rehe River, passed through the Gubeikou, passed through Jilin, and then arrived in Shengjing. At this time, he was 44 years old and in his prime. Emperor Qianlong returned to his hometown, worshipped his ancestors’ tombs, reminisced about the present and the past, and stopped on the land where his ancestors had created achievements. This tour lasted 153 days, and it was his sixty-six days. The longest time of the Second East Tour. Professor Zhang Jie from Liaoning University: In today’s words, it is to provide traditional education to these Manchu nobles and soldiers of the Eight Banners. We must remember this tradition, and this is the major event of unifying Xinjiang after the 20th year of the Qianlong reign. Just after Emperor Qianlong’s eastward tour, a war against the distant west began. Emperor Qianlong began to adopt a proactive offensive strategy. In February 1755, in the twentieth year of Emperor Qianlong’s reign, he sent troops to attack. The Qing army had arrived in Ili, and Dawazi was able to wake up from his sleep and declared himself the Han Dawazi. Eventually, he was captured by the Qing army. However, one wave did not subside and another rose up, and the newly quelled war suddenly ignited. Amur Sana, who had originally surrendered to the Qing court and was granted the title of prince, rose up in August to rebel against the Qing dynasty. In anger, Emperor Qianlong decided to launch another military campaign, and the Qing army entered Ili for the third time. In April 1757, the Qing army achieved a great victory in the Battle of Kulongkui. At this time, Qianlong made his second southern tour and arrived at the prosperous land of fish and rice in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. He also paraded three times in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. In June of that year, Amursana fled to Russia and soon died of smallpox. At this point, the Junggar tribe, which had been plagued by the northwest and repeatedly challenged the Qing court for nearly 70 years since the Kangxi period, was finally evaluated and included in the national territory. For more than two thousand years since Emperor Qin Shi Huang, the problem of nomadic tribes disturbing the agricultural peoples of the Central Plains in the south has finally been solved. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences – Yan Chongnian: By the mid Qianlong period, the Xinjiang issue had been completely resolved and placed under the jurisdiction of the Qing Dynasty. For example, the Ili General was established, with his headquarters in Huiyuan City. Now, Huoche County in Ili, Xinjiang, had an area of approximately 2.1 million square kilometers under the jurisdiction of the Qing Dynasty. In the 27th year of the Qianlong reign, which was 1782, the Qing court established the President Ili and other generals as the highest military and political officials in charge of the Xinjiang region. Ma Dazheng, Border Center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: Starting from this time, Xinjiang was directly under the jurisdiction of the central government. At that time, the management system of General Ili in Xinjiang was very interesting, fully reflecting the Qing government’s strategy of governing based on customs, such a mindset. After several generations of long-term efforts, the whole western border area finally formed a unified and inseparable whole with the mainland. In addition, Emperor Kangxi recovered the island of Taiwan. Although some series of military operations cost 60% or 70% of the annual total fiscal revenue of the state treasury, they played an important role in promoting the consolidation of border areas and the reunification of the country. In the time of the Kangxi and Qianlong heyday, from southern Xinjiang with fragrant fruits to Xizang with blue sky and white clouds, the wind of unity and peace was blowing. The Jokhang Temple in Lhasa and the Tashilhunpo Temple in Shigatse, Xizang, contain a volume of important documents, which laid the foundation for the long-term stability of Xizang. This is the Tibetan version of Emperor Qianlong’s “Imperial Regulations on Xizang”, also known as the document of the Year of Buffalo. This book gives the ministers in Xizang administrative, personnel, judicial, fiscal, diplomatic, military and other powers. The “Imperial Regulations on Xizang” marks the Qing Dynasty’s more comprehensive and effective management of Tibet. Ma Dazheng, the Frontier Center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: The Qing Dynasty thought what to do in Xizang and how to govern Xizang, which is a borderland, so he said two measures at that time. One was to officially send ministers stationed in Tibet from the central government, which was directly appointed by the central government; In addition, he had to consider that in the local rule of the Qing Dynasty, he had a very important principle, which was to govern according to customs. According to the principle of governing according to customs, one hundred percent of the Tibetans he had to face in Xizang believed in Tibetan Buddhism, and his religious atmosphere was very strong. Second, Xizang had two living Buddha systems, the main two living Buddha systems, and of course, some other branch living Buddha systems, namely, the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama. So he wanted to balance the two living Buddha systems, the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama. This is balanced from the perspective of the central government. In the process of constantly strengthening the authority of the minister stationed in Tibet, he determined what to do if the living Buddha died, In order to strengthen the authority of the central government, he formulated a system of reincarnation of living Buddhas with sincere signatures in golden bottles. The most important core of this system is that your reincarnation must be confirmed by the central government. Under the supervision of the minister stationed in Xizang, the reincarnation of Lingtong was decided by lot from Jinben Baping. This system solved the historical problem of religious leaders in Xizang, and it is also a creation of Emperor Qianlong. Until today, Xizang still chooses the Panchen Lama according to this system. In 1778, Emperor Qianlong celebrated his 70th birthday and invited the sixth Panchen Lama to Beijing. In June of the next year, the sixth Panchen Lama Lama and his entourage of more than 2000 people set off from the Zhashlumbu Temple in Xizang to Beijing. In Beijing, the Sixth Panchen Lama unfortunately contracted smallpox. When he was seriously ill, Qianlong personally painted a painting of a hundred plum blossoms, praying that the Sixth Panchen Lama would recover soon. However, as the emperor, Qianlong was also powerless. In order to commemorate the Sixth Panchen Lama, Qianlong specially ordered the construction of a purification city tower, commonly known as the West Yellow Temple, on the west side of the Yellow Temple where he lived before his death, to commemorate him. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty was talented and skilled in calligraphy, painting, and poetry. He reigned for sixty years, and there were only 1500 volumes of Qing Emperor Gaozong’s records that recorded his emotions. The picture depicts the distant Red Mansion of Dahong, and the hanging wings of Yan in the mansion, which represents the unity of the present day. The martyrs of Qianlong Emperor have known for thousands of years, and this lament also reflects the new heights achieved by the Qing Dynasty. By the Qing Dynasty, China had finally formed an unprecedentedly vast and highly unified multi-ethnic country, and the Chinese people had become a community of dozens of ethnic groups breathing together and sharing a common destiny. This is the whole map of the Qing Dynasty after the beginning of mapping in the reign of Emperor Kangxi. Emperor Qianlong sent people to Xinjiang twice to supplement surveying and improve the map. The territory of the Qing Dynasty starts from the south to the east of Balkhash Lake and the Pamir Plateau in the west, ends at the sea in the east, ends at the Outer Khingan Mountains to the Sea of Okhotsk in the north, and ends at the the Nansha Islands in the south. With a total land area of more than 13 million square kilometers, a unified country with a vast territory, a large population, and ethnic groups stands firmly in the east of the world. Duration of 90 seconds: Military aircraft were located in the administrative system of the Qing Dynasty, and the Military Aircraft Department had always been a mysterious and powerful place. Military aircraft ministers had neither rank nor salary, and even for a long time, there was no record of the Military Aircraft Department in official history books. However, during the Yongqian period, the civil and military officials of the Manchu Dynasty used the ability to enter the Military Aircraft Department as a symbol of their peak career. In the Qing Dynasty’s officialdom without the position of prime minister, only the Grand Secretary who also served as the Chief Military Aircraft Minister could be called the true prime minister. All of this stems from the status, rights, and position of the Military Aircraft Department in the Qing Dynasty’s administrative system. Why did Emperor Yongzheng establish the Military Aircraft Department, which played an irreplaceable role? Who gave the Military Aircraft Department the ultimate power? Why did the Military Aircraft Department decline again?
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