On September 17, 1894, the two fleets of China and Japan met on the Yellow Sea at Dadonggou outside the mouth of the Yalu River. After five hours of fierce battle, five major warships of the Beiyang fleet were sunk, more than 1000 officers and men were killed, and the sea power in the Yellow Sea fell into the hands of Japan. Before the Sino Japanese War of 1894, China’s naval power ranked eighth in the world, Japan ranked eleventh, and China was the first naval power in East Asia. However, the Beiyang fleet’s fiasco at Dadonggou on the Yellow Sea and the annihilation of Weihai Guard completely shattered the illusion of a great power of the Qing Dynasty, marking the Westernization Movement of China’s 30-year pursuit of prosperity. It ended in failure. On April 17, 1895, Li Hongzhang, on behalf of the Qing government, signed the humiliating Treaty of Shimonoseki with Japan, which stipulated a deadline for ceding Taiwan’s Penghu Islands and the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan and compensating 200 million taels of silver. On the day of the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the bad news of ceding Taiwan spread to Taiwan. The people of the whole province rushed around, crying and gathering in the city, and crying day and night spread to the four fields. Tang Jinsong, the Governor of Taiwan of the Qing Dynasty, repeatedly called the Prime Minister’s Office, declaring that Taiwan could not be ceded. The Taiwanese people would rather die than surrender and swear not to be affiliated with Japan. However, the Qing government, prioritizing the protection of the capital, ordered a deadline for ceding Taiwan. Within two years, those who did not cross the border would become Japanese and change their clothes and clothing. Telegrams were sent out, and Taipei gentry, merchants, and citizens sounded drums and protested. They issued a proclamation declaring that they would rather die in battle and lose Taiwan than surrender Taiwan. A group of patriotic officials and gentry, including Tang Jingsong, the Governor of Taiwan and Qiu Fengjia, the Minister of Works of the Qing Dynasty, were determined to resist the orders of the Prime Minister’s Office and protect Taiwan on their own. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences – Ma Yong: Chinese political elites were thinking about how to learn from the Franco Prussian War of 1871, where Prussia demanded France cede a piece of land, but ultimately did not cede it. So what was his conclusion at that time? Just because of the sustained resistance of the French, this treaty could not be executed. When the Treaty of Shimonoseki was about to be signed and Taiwan and Penghu Island were to be ceded, the political elites in China were wondering if we could do the same. They saw that the Liaodong Peninsula could be redeemed by spending money, and they thought we could also spend money to redeem it. They asked the court if they could spend money to redeem it? The court said no, the last resort is for us to self govern. In the spring of 1895, which was the year of the triennial imperial examination, thousands of new candidates from various provinces gathered in Beijing. That year, Kang Youwei, 38 years old, along with his student Liang Qichao and his apprentices, went to Beijing as Guangdong juren to participate in the imperial examination. While the juren were waiting for the announcement, the bad news of the Treaty of Shimonoseki and the compensation for land ceding shook the country. On April 22nd, Kang and Liang, who were filled with indignation, gathered together at the Songyun’an Temple in Beijing to draft a ten thousand character book, protesting against the Qing Emperor’s stamping of the jade seal on the treaty and calling for rejection, resistance, capital relocation, and reform. The juren assembly in eighteen provinces responded and received the signatures of thousands of juren. Although the ten thousand character book was not sent out on time, it was shared with officials at all levels. Our petitioning together formed a significant public transportation petitioning movement, thus opening the prelude to the Reform Movement. After the imperial examination on the bus, Kang Youwei successfully covered up his reform proposals with traditional language and deceived the chief examiner Xu Tong who was determined to dismiss him. He passed the imperial examination with a score of 46th and was appointed as the sixth grade chief of the Ministry of Works. Kang Youwei, who was determined to enter the Hanlin Academy, was deeply disappointed and decided to start a series of petitions to advise the emperor on reform. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences – Ma Yong: The changes brought about by the Treaty of Shimonoseki to China can be analyzed from several aspects: one is political, one is economic, and the third is social changes. Therefore, politically, the Treaty of Shimonoseki suddenly broke the pattern between China and foreign countries. Since 1860, the Chinese government has had enough power to lead it, but it has not been after the Treaty of Shimonoseki. The most prominent economic change is that the Treaty of Shimonoseki stipulates that Japanese subjects can freely establish factories in China, and there is a bilateral agreement between major powers that transforms into multilateral benefits. Thirdly, in terms of society, we… When it comes to the starting point of China’s modernization, we can trace it back to Matteo Ricci in the late Ming Dynasty, as well as to the Opium War in 1840, But the most fundamental symbol that truly indicates the occurrence of a modern China is a new stage. What is this new stage? It is the democratic bourgeoisie of China. During the Westernization Movement, with the advice and efforts of Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and others, the Prime Minister’s Office of the Qing Dynasty began to send young children to study in the United States in batches in 1872. At the same time, Zuo Zongtang, Shen Baozhen and others, who were in charge of Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, also sent students to study in Britain and France, which formed the earliest public school students in China. In addition, people in coastal areas who seek a living abroad also bring their children to study abroad, forming a group of people studying abroad. Sun Yat sen is one of them. In 1879, at the age of 13, Sun Yat sen came to Hawaii, known as Honolulu by Chinese people, to study. He then went to Hong Kong to continue his studies. In 1892, Sun Yat sen graduated from the Hong Kong Western Medical College with the highest score in his class. During his studies in Hawaii and Hong Kong, Sun Yat sen witnessed the development of modern education, legal system, and municipal health. These places were in stark contrast to his hometown and left a deep impression on him. After the establishment of a republic in 1893, Hawaii faced the threat of American annexation, which convinced Sun Yat sen that establishing a republic alone was not enough, and that a strong nationalist sentiment must be instilled in the people in order to maintain national independence. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences – Ma Yong: In 1901, there was one of the greatest figures in China, and Liang Qichao published an article analyzing that up to now, human society has implemented three systems: monarchy, constitutional monarchy, and democratic republic. So, in Liang Qichao’s analysis at that time, monarchy must have gradually declined because the ideology of “family and the world” was gradually replaced by “public and the world”. Therefore, constitutional monarchy is the best system that human society may have discovered so far, because constitutional monarchy can lead to one or two outcomes, and no one is allowed to compete for the throne because the world belongs to others. However, constitutional monarchy is not allowed. The system leads to another result, but those who hold great positions are indifferent to actual situations and will never make mistakes, This is the constitutional monarchy, which was considered the most suitable system for China’s national conditions at that time. In the summer of 1894, Sun Yat sen collaborated with Lu Hao to investigate the political situation in Northeast China. He submitted a letter to Li Hongzhang, the then Governor General of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang, explaining his plan for building a strong country from four aspects: making the best use of people, land, resources, and goods. This letter was not taken seriously by Li Hongzhang, who was deeply trapped in the Sino Japanese battlefield. This made him cut off his illusions about the Qing government and began planning to overthrow it through revolution and save China in crisis. In November, with the help of his older brother Sun Mei, Sun Yat sen became the Xingzhong Society in Honolulu, Hawaii. The members vowed to expel the Tartars, restore China, and establish a united government. In the same year that Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, together with their apprentices and provincial officials, wrote a memorial on a bus, the Xingzhong Society planned an uprising in Guangzhou. Lu Haodong also designed a blue sky and white sun flag for the revolutionaries, but it died prematurely due to the leakage of the plan. Lu Haodong and others who sacrificed their lives due to this uprising also became one of the earliest martyrs in modern Chinese history. Sun Yat sen’s revolutionary friend Lu Haodong was beheaded, and he himself was also wanted by the Qing court with a bounty. Later, he recalled the tragic situation at that time, and the public opinion throughout the country saw us as rebellious officials and thieves, with great rebelliousness and curses and insults. It can be seen that the violent revolution at that time was still not suitable for the mainstream class, which further strengthened Kang Youwei and others in their reform and reform movements under the rule of the Qing Dynasty. In order to promote the dissemination of reform ideas, Kang and Liang founded the Strong Society in Beijing and Shanghai, with the support of reform ministers Sun Jiading, Weng Tonghe, Zhang Zhidong, and some British and American people participating in the activities. Yuan Shikai, who was good at political speculation, was also among them. At the same time, Yan Fu, a graduate of Fuzhou Shipbuilding School, founded the Chinese newspaper “Tianyan Lun” in Tianjin, introducing Darwin’s idea of survival by natural selection. In 1897, Chen Baozhen, a progressive governor of Hunan, founded the Current Affairs School in Changsha, teaching reform and civil rights thought, which enabled Hunan to leap from a closed and backward inland province. Becoming one of the most open provinces in terms of culture. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences – Yu Hongliang: From the Opium War to the Second Opium War to the burning of the Old Summer Palace, a series of humiliating treaties were signed, but in fact, they did not truly touch the Chinese literati from a cultural and spiritual level. The First Sino Japanese War was defeated by Japan, and this stimulation truly hurt the Chinese literati. The elite class of Chinese society, represented by senior bureaucrats and literati, were dealing with this challenge from outside, while gradually starting to reflect on it slowly. The shock brought by the Treaty of Shimonoseki to the literati gradually evolved into practical and effective actions within a few years. Kang Youwei wrote to Emperor Guangxu eight times in a row, pleading with the court to follow the model of Peter the Great and Emperor Meiji for a systemic reform. Whether the reform could be effectively implemented and board the train of modern political system as soon as possible was the last opportunity for the Qing rulers to save their country’s fortune. Emperor Guangxu Zaiyuan ascended to the throne at the age of four and grew up in the deep palace. Although he began to govern at the age of 17, the military and political power was still held by Empress Dowager Cixi. In the spring of 1898, the crisis of imperialism dividing China was imminent, and the Qing Empire was in a state of crisis. At a turning point in history, the national fortune was in jeopardy. Emperor Guangxu appealed to the Empress Dowager that he could not be the ruler of the fallen country and hoped that the Empress Dowager would authorize reforms, otherwise he would rather die on the throne. Empress Dowager Cixi tacitly agreed, on June 11, 1898, Emperor Guangxu issued a decree on the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, marking the beginning of the Reform Movement. On the morning of June 16th, breaking through numerous obstacles, the young Emperor Guangxu was finally able to summon the famous reform scholar Kang Youwei at the Renshou Hall in the Summer Palace. During this meeting, Kang Youwei systematically stated his reform proposals to Emperor Guangxu. The meeting lasted from 5am to 7am, marking the first meeting between Emperor Guangxu and Kang Youwei. On the same day, Kang Youwei was appointed as the Prime Minister’s Office, Zhang Jing, and was able to turn the tide and become a close vassal of the emperor. In the late Wuxu year, Beijing was scorching hot and difficult to handle, and in order to promote the reform, since June 6th, From the 11th of the month to the 21st of September, Emperor Guangxu rushed from the Forbidden City to the Summer Palace. He frequently sought instructions from Empress Dowager Cixi, reaching as many as 12 times. During the Reform and Reform period, Emperor Guangxu issued nearly 50 laws and regulations, Except for a very small number of officials such as Hunan Governor Chen Baozhen, the ministers and local officials in the court were openly or covertly resisting the reform, and the abolition of the Eight legged Essay was strongly opposed by the Ministry of Rites responsible for the imperial examination. The elimination of redundant personnel and institutions caused unrest among all officials, and the reform measures caused panic among the upper echelons of the ruling group. Opposition forces began to gather around Empress Dowager Cixi. On September 5th, Emperor Guangxu promoted Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi, Lin Xu, and Tan Sitong to the position of Zhang Jing, the Military Machinery Department. They became the link between the emperor and Kang Youwei, responsible for reading memorials and drafting all important laws. In fact, the fictional Military Machinery Department and the Prime Minister’s Office were disrupted by the entry of young officials into this central court composed of highly qualified and skilled officials. With the progress of the reform, a series of radical reform measures alerted the Empress Dowager. He instinctively regarded the reform as a conspiracy to seize power from his hands, a reform movement launched to save the crisis of unified governance. It began to have a color of power struggle between the imperial court and the harem. In early September, Emperor Guangxu issued an order to dismiss six officials, including the Minister of Rites, Huai Tabu, who obstructed the reform. The dispute between the emperor and the empress became increasingly heated, and the Governor General of Zhili, Ronglu, constantly advised Empress Dowager Cixi to take action to stop the emperor’s reform. At this time, all the power of the empire was firmly held in the hands of the powerful faction of the later party led by Empress Dowager Cixi. The clarification of the differences between Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu led to the emergence of bureaucratic and eunuch groups that were adept at adapting to the situation. This led to a public call for Empress Dowager Cixi to once again exercise power behind the scenes and directly revoke the power granted to adult emperors by law. On September 18th, Rong Lu mobilized his army to Beijing. Rumors spread throughout the capital that the Empress Dowager would abolish the personal rule of Emperor Guangxu. The reformist officials were in danger, and Tan Sitong decided to go to Fahua Temple to persuade Yuan Shikai to support the emperor. Yuan Shikai, on the other hand, secretly informed Rong Lu of the reformist actions. On the 21st, Empress Dowager Cixi returned to the Forbidden City, intercepted all reform documents, and ordered the arrest of the reform leaders. He announced that he would once again listen to politics from behind the curtain. Emperor Guangxu painfully issued a decree to arrest his left and right arm in the reform. Kang Youwei sought refuge in Hong Kong under the protection of the British Consulate, while Liang Qiwei sought refuge in Hong Kong. Under the protection of the Japanese consulate, Chao Ze went to Japan. Tan Sitong decided to sacrifice himself for the reform and was executed along with Lin Xu, Liu Guangdi, and five others at the entrance of the vegetable market, known as the Six Gentlemen of the Wuxu Festival. On the 23rd, Empress Dowager Cixi held a political training ceremony at the Qinzheng Hall, receiving congratulations from officials at all levels. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences – Yu Hongliang: The high-ranking officials of the court had two instances of hanging the curtain to listen to politics. The first occurred during the reign of Emperor Guangxu when he ascended to the throne at a young age. At that time, Empress Dowager Cixi of the main palace and Empress Dowager Cixi of the western palace jointly hung the curtain. The objective situation at that time was that Emperor Guangxu was young, so he could not exercise this administrative power temporarily after becoming emperor; So, the second time of hanging the curtain to listen to politics was after the failure of the Wuxu Reform. After the Guangxu Emperor had reached adulthood and the Wuxu Reform, he was excluded from the center of power. The Cixi clique came to the forefront of imperial politics, which caused a great response among the literati at that time. In 1895, Sun Yat sen went into exile in Japan. In order to express his belief in breaking away from the Qing Dynasty and continuing the revolution to the end, he cut off his braids in Yokohama and wore Western style clothing. In October 1896, Sun Yat sen arrived in London and, under the arrangement of his mentor Dr. Condley, stayed at the Gran Hotel. On the morning of October 11th, while on his way to the church, Sun Yat sen was lured to the Chinese Embassy by Deng Tingkeng, an official of the Qing Embassy who had been monitoring and waiting here. He was kidnapped and imprisoned in a small room with iron bars on the third floor. The Qing envoy lured Sun Yat sen into a treasure trove and sent people to closely monitor him. In order to seek credit and reward from the Qing government, envoy Gong Zhao’ai conspired with counselor Magri and spent 7000 pounds to rent a 2000 ton ship from the British Gree Shipping Company. He specially asked someone to make a large wooden cage and planned to secretly send Sun Yat sen back to his home country. Sun Yat sen, who was imprisoned, was isolated from the world. He wrote notes multiple times and threw them at Weimar Street outside the window, hoping to attract the attention of pedestrians, but to no avail. Later, Sun Yat sen revealed the news to the Kangdeli medical student through the British cleaner Kerr at the embassy, but Kangdeli was unable to do so. Seeking intervention from the London Police Department, he appealed the matter to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. On October 22nd, the London Globe reported a shocking story with a prominent headline – a revolutionary was kidnapped in London and imprisoned at the Chinese embassy, The disclosure of this illegal kidnapping caused a public uproar, and the British Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed shock. As a result, they forced the Qing government to release Sun Yat sen, who gained fame overnight. After his release, Sun Yat sen stayed in the UK for nine months, extensively studying politics, diplomacy, law, military, and economics at the British Library. In order for China to avoid strikes and labor disputes in Western industrial countries in the future, he formed a perspective on social change, which became the foundation of the famous Three Principles of the People, namely the Three Principles of Nationalism, Civil Rights, and Livelihood. The Three Principles of the People became Sun Yat sen’s revolutionary purpose and founding program. Kang Youwei Statue After the coup of 1898, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled to Japan to lead the Loyalist Party. At this time, Sun Yat sen also came to Japan from London. Sun Yat sen, who was also a political asylum seeker, expressed his intention to repair Kang Youwei. Kang Youwei still regarded himself as an emperor and disdained to be associated with the traitor in his eyes. The two Japanese friends, dog Yangyi, had kindly mediated and arranged a meeting for them. Kang Youwei also failed to attend on time. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences – Yu Hongliang: After the Reform Movement of 1898, Chinese society has reflected from two levels: firstly, this upper elite class has been blocked because they have tried to improve internally. The killing of the Six Gentlemen and the imprisonment and crackdown of the reformists have left no appropriate way for the upper class to seek improvement; On the other hand, the unequal treaty caused by the invasion of foreign powers has brought a heavy economic burden to China. In addition, natural disasters, natural and man-made disasters have also greatly affected the livelihoods of the lower class people. The Boxer Rebellion is a secret social organization that operates in Shandong, Henan, and Jiangnan. With the deepening of Western missionary activities, conflicts between believers and local people have become increasingly frequent. These loose grassroots organizations have begun to target foreigners and foreign things. In 1899, the Governor of Shandong, Yu Xian, changed it to the Boxer Rebellion and gave semi official recognition to their actions., At this time, Empress Dowager Cixi was also angry at the tendency of various governments to support Emperor Guangxu. She believed that these Boxers could be used to deal with foreigners. The Boxer Rebellion was encouraged and began burning churches and foreign residences, killing believers, digging up missionary graves, and even killing German envoy Clyde. On June 21, 1900, the Qing government declared war on foreign powers and launched the Boxer Rebellion to besiege the embassy area and churches in Beijing. In August, a coalition army consisting of Britain, France, Russia, Japan, Germany, the United States, Italy, and Austria attacked from Tianjin Port to Beijing. Empress Dowager Cixi fled westward with Emperor Guangxu, and fled in a hurry. At the same time, the Boxer Rebellion was ordered to be suppressed, and this incident ended with the signing of the Boxer Rebellion, completely plunging China into the abyss of colonialism. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences – Yu Hongliang: The Boxer Rebellion was also a bureaucratic group dominated by Cixi in the Qing Dynasty. It was the first political achievement project after the strangulation of the Wuxu Reform, and this movement completely plunged China into the abyss of colonialism. The bizarre war of the Eight Nation Alliance caused anger among the people, making the Cixi Group feel pressure from all walks of life both domestically and internationally for the first time. Cixi, who had been hiding in the harem for a long time, was accustomed to attributing credit to himself and attributing setbacks and failures to the government and ministers. The Cixi Group, exposed to the sun, had to start thinking about the Qing Dynasty’s self that they personally hanged two years ago. Improving sports. In January 1901, the Qing government, who was still in exile in Xi’an, issued an edict ordering local officials to submit reform plans within two months. However, military officials close to the center of power revealed Cixi’s true intention not to speak too much about Western France. Governor General Zhang Zhidong of Hubei and Governor General Liu Kunyi of Liangjiang completed the famous Jiang and Chu joint petition after several months of drafting and preparation. Based on their suggestions, Empress Dowager Cixi began a reform that appeared to be similar to the 1898 reforms. Among them, judicial reform was put on the agenda as an important measure. With the preparation of the Minister of Justice Shen Jiaben and others, the Law Administration was revised and opened in 1904. The main focus was on translating and studying laws from both Eastern and Western countries, and compiling old Chinese legal texts. In terms of social reform, Manchu Han intermarriage was allowed to relieve women’s foot binding. In terms of education reform, the imperial examination system was abolished, and new style schools were established. In November 1908, Emperor Guangxu and Empress Dowager Cixi passed away, leading to the continuation of this unfinished business by Prince Chun Zaifeng. Under pressure from representatives from various regions, the Qing government announced the list of cabinet members in May 1911. Among the 13 members, there were eight Manchus, one Mongolian Bannerman, and four Han people. Among the eight Manchus, five were relatives of the imperial family. This cabinet was then designated as the Imperial Cabinet, known as the Constitutional Government, which was actually authoritarian and caused nationwide uproar. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences – Ma Yong: In 1908, Emperor Guangxu of the Qing government promulgated the Outline of the Qing Constitution, which began to be a constitutional framework with limitations on the emperor’s power. To limit the emperor’s power, a parliament was established to share some of his power, and a responsible government was established. The emperor gradually entrusted the annual affairs and government affairs to a professional team to handle, but the people were not satisfied because under the original dual track system, among the cabinet members, the ministers, Manchu ministers, and Han ministers. For those who came from Han ethnicity, I accounted for one, your Manchu people accounted for one, and I also accounted for one. In the past six ministries, there were twelve. There are six ministers among the Han people, so after this reform, there will be ten ministries, plus one prime minister and two deputy prime ministers, these thirteen people, Nine of them came from the Manchu nobility and the royal family, while the Han people only had four left. When the court delayed and obstructed the reform of the country’s core political system by means of the New Deal and the preparatory constitutionalism, his death knell had rung, and more and more people with lofty ideals were involved in the revolution. The National Daily and ** in the 20th century, founded by Japanese students studying abroad, and other awakened young students returned to China to found Soviet newspapers, warning bells, and other articles reprinted by Zou Rong’s revolutionary army, which awakened many people to join the revolution Sun Yat sen’s journey between Honolulu, Japan and the United States to seek support for his cause. In Honolulu, in order to compete with the royalist party for local overseas Chinese support, he joined the local Hongmen Association, and traveled around the country to expand the foundation of revolutionary force. With the emergence of more and more overseas revolutionary groups, Sun Yat sen realized the necessity of uniting various revolutionary groups to form an organization. In August 1905, Sun Yat sen, Huang Xing, Song Jiaoren and other revolutionary comrades established the Chinese Revolutionary League in Japan. On the day of its establishment, more than 70 people joined the Chinese Revolutionary League. With the purpose of expelling the Tartars, restoring China, founding the Republic of China, and equalizing land rights, after vowing to abide by the four principles mentioned above, Sun Yat sen excitedly declared that today, the monarchs are no longer the people of the Qing Dynasty. The Chinese Revolutionary League began to lead the new revolutionary struggle with the People’s Daily as the organ newspaper. In the publication of the People’s Daily, Sun Yat sen publicly put forward the three principles of nationality, civil rights, and people’s livelihood for the first time. Ma Yong, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: In 1894, Sun Yat sen put forward the slogan of expelling the Tartars and restoring China. That’s all. Then in 1905, the Chinese Revolutionary League was changed from Xingzhong Association to the League of Chinese Revolutionary League, which was combined with the Huaxing Association and the Restoration Association. At this time, when the Chinese Revolutionary League was founded in August in Tokyo, the slogan was more complete to expel the Tartars, restore China, and create the Republic of China. Then it made the Chinese Revolutionary League’s proposition more complete. But he can basically summarize that at this time, Sun Yat sen’s leading ideology was formed, namely, Three People’s Principles, democracy. People’s livelihood, civil rights and the Three People’s Principles were basically formed in this process. The concept of the Chinese nation was put forward by Liang Qichao in 1901, But when this concept truly became acceptable to the Chinese people, it was a very subtle turning point, just a moment after the Xinhai Revolution. On May 9, 1911, the Qing government suddenly announced the nationalization of the Guangdong Han Railway, Sichuan Han Railway, and other railways in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. Due to the huge investment of Sichuan gentry and merchants in the Sichuan Han Railway, the Baolu Society was immediately formed to defend the interests of various sectors in Sichuan. On August 24, tens of thousands of Sichuan people gathered in Chengdu to launch a school and market strike, announcing the cessation of taxation. The people worshipped the spirit of Emperor Guangxu and began a rights protection movement. After learning of the news, the Qing government strictly ordered the newly appointed Sichuan Governor General Zhao Erfeng to suppress it. On September 7, Zhao Erfeng arrested twelve major members of the Baolu Society, including Pu Dianjun and Luo Lun. Leaders, the people of Sichuan went to the Governor General’s Office to petition, and Zhao Erfeng, known as the butcher, ordered the shooting. For a moment, the bullets rained down on the people who were brutally slaughtered in the Governor General’s Office of Sichuan, One after another fell into a pool of blood, and most of the victims in the Chengdu blood case were poor people from the lower class. The patrol camp then set off horses to patrol various streets, rampaging and rampaging. What was even more infuriating was that Zhao Erfeng ordered no more corpses to be collected for three days. At that time, it was pouring rain, and the bodies were washed away by the heavy rain, causing bloating and desolation after soaking. Zhao Erfeng’s atrocities ignited the anger of the people throughout Sichuan. Comrades from road protection associations across Sichuan quickly mobilized 200000 people to surround Chengdu. On October 10, 1911, at the Xinhai Revolution Memorial Hall in Wuhan, Hubei Province, the Revolutionary Party of the Wuchang New Army launched an uprising in the eighth town of the New Army, led by the Engineering and Artillery Battalion, while some of the new army was transferred to Sichuan to support Zhao Erfeng. They first captured the Governor General’s Office, and the battle lasted only one night. The uprising quickly occupied the entire Wuchang. On October 12, all three towns in Wuhan were occupied. At the time of the Wuchang Uprising, Sun Yat sen was fundraising for the revolution in Denver, USA. It was not until the morning of October 12 that he learned of the successful uprising from the newspaper. He originally wanted to return to his home country as soon as possible, but rationally urged him to handle diplomacy. Instead of immediately returning to his home country, he knew that Britain’s support was crucial for the future of the revolutionary cause, so he went east to London to persuade the British government, And it also caused the British government to stop all loan negotiations with the Qing government. On December 25th, Sun Zhongsan arrived in Shanghai. Four days later, representatives from various provinces almost unanimously elected him as the interim president of the Republic of China, and officially established the Republic of China in Nanjing on January 1st, 1912 as the first year of the republic. Faced with the wave of national uprisings and provincial independence, the Qing government re appointed Yuan Shikai, who had been dismissed before, as the Prime Minister in a desperate struggle. In order to reduce the damage caused by the domestic war to the people due to his control of the Beiyang New Army, the Nanjing Provisional Government of the Republic of China decided to negotiate with Yuan Shikai. Under the conditions of accepting the abolition of the imperial system, supporting the republic, and establishing a cabinet, Sun Yat sen accepted the abolition of the imperial system, supporting the republic, and other conditions. Gu Quan decided to resign and elected Yuan Shikai as the President of the Republic of China. Subsequently, Yuan Shikai reached a preferential agreement with the Qing royal family, The Qing Emperor officially announced his abdication. On February 12, 1912, Empress Dowager Yulong issued a decree of abdication, declaring that due to the rise of civil and military personnel, various provinces responded, causing a stir. Nowadays, the hearts of the people in the country are mostly inclined towards republicanism, and the will of the people is determined by fate. It is based on the appearance of the general trend and the internal review of public opinion that the special emperor will exercise his ruling power throughout the country, establishing a constitutional republican system, with the overall goal of ensuring people’s safety and the peace of the sea and the earth. The five ethnic groups will be united as one great Republic of China. This abdication edict marks the official withdrawal of the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China for 268 years, and also marks the end of the last imperial autocratic dynasty in Chinese history. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences – Yu Hongliang: Although the Xinhai Revolution was a revolutionary movement with considerable contingency caused by the Road Protection Movement, the various steps and unpreparedness of the revolutionary forces during this period left a deep impression on both Chinese and foreign people. This unexpected revolution overthrew the Qing Dynasty and shifted the direction of Chinese society’s development towards democracy and republicanism, reflecting that the Xinhai Revolution represented the wishes of the widest range of people from all walks of life in Chinese society. As early as the 59th year of the Qianlong reign, Lord Macartney, the British envoy, had a profound and insightful prophecy after experiencing various twists and turns in his audience with Emperor Qianlong. The Chinese Empire was an old and eccentric first-class warship, and over the past 150 years, generations of capable and vigilant officials managed to make it float and, with its massive appearance, intimidated its neighbors. However, when an incompetent person took the helm and navigated, he lost discipline and safety. Even if it did not sink immediately, it could drift like a wrecked ship for ten days, then shatter to pieces on the coast and crash to pieces in Macartney. Ernie prophesied that 120 years later, the old ship of the Qing Dynasty would finally crumble to pieces. Ma Jia’erney’s foresight was that he met China, which would eventually be in a modern Chinese nation-state system, if top-down reforms could not occur, The top-down revolutionary movement will eventually completely submerge it, and with the passing of the Qing Dynasty, republicanism and democracy will continue to be the goals pursued by the Chinese people. 90 Seconds in History: Qing Emperor abdicates. On February 12, 1912, the Forbidden City woke up from its sleep. Everything seemed ordinary, but for ancient China, it was destined to be an extraordinary and epoch-making day. On this day, Empress Dowager Longyu, along with the six-year-old Emperor Xuantong, issued three consecutive edicts declaring the abdication of the Qing Emperor. China ended the imperial system, and the ruling power was transferred to the whole country, making it a constitutional republic. At the same time, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Qing government also issued a note to the embassies of various countries in China, announcing that the Qing dynasty had automatically abdicated, hoping that all countries would recognize the government of the Republic of China as a legitimate successor. abdication marks the end of the Qing Dynasty’s rule over China, which lasted for 268 years. The establishment of a new government signifies a more significant historical change than ever before in Chinese history, The monarchical dictatorship that lasted for over two thousand years collapsed with a loud bang, establishing a republic and becoming a new social ideal on this ancient land, leaving endless contemplation for the world.
Know China From Here